ABOUT COMPUTER: By Naitik Singh class 4

A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.

Computers, by our above definition, have been around for thousands of years

The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19 century. English,

Mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.

Computer is an electronic machine which takes some input from us and the process data for some purpose.

How does a computer work?

Knowing how computers after you press the power button is also an excellent way to learn more about your computer.

There are mainly 2 types of things in computer. These are:

1. HARDWARE

2. SOFTWARE

About Hardware

Hardware is thing that we can see or touch it as opposed to software which is abstract and exists only in a virtual world as computer coders opposed to software which is abstract and exists only in a virtual world as computer code.

Three type of hardware:

1. INPUT devices

2. CPU – Central Processing unit

3. OUTPUT device (Display Information)

INPUT DEVICE:

1. Keyboard

2. Mouse

3. Microphone

4. Scanner

5. Joystick

6. Light Pen

About mouse:

A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls a cursor in a GUI and can move and select text, icons, files, and folders. For desktop computers, the mouse is placed on a flat surface such as a mouse pad or a desk and is placed in front of your computer.

About keyboard:

A computer keyboard is one of the primary input devices used with a computer that looks similar to those found on electric type writes, but with some additional keys. Keyboards allow you to input letters, numbers, and other symbols into a computer that can serve as commands or be used to type text.

Scanner
A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display. Scanners come in hand-held, feed-in and flatbed types and for scanning black-and-white only, or colour.

A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as the control column, is the principal control device in the cockpit of many civilian and military aircraft, either as a centre stick or side-stick.

Video game joystick elements: 1. stick, 2. base, 3. trigger, 4. extra buttons, 5. auto fire switch, 6.throttle, 7. hat switch (POV hat), 8.suction cup.

A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike,^[1] is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal.

Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, sound recording, two-way radios, megaphones, radio and television broadcasting, and in computers for recording voice, speech recognition, VoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic sensors or knock sensors.

PROCESS DEVICE:

1. C.P.U

About CPU:

A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.

How does CPU process.

CPU’s are the inner core of any computer their processes are both simple, and rapid. The mechanisms that make them achieve maximum efficiency can be extremely complex!

Take a simple 2 bit CPU. It state can be 00, 01, 10, or 11. It’s important to understand that Central Processing Units never work alone, the number and complexity of registers that work with them is crucial, and their accessibility paths to storage is just as article.

Modern CPU’s, or course, work with many more ‘bits’, which makes them very powerful, but frankly, all they can do is count in binary! It’s the speed they do this that makes them valuable!

So its range is 4.

A four bit CPU has states that may be 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, or 1111. he study of computer ‘systems’, is not resolved just by looking at CPU’s, they are truly integrated ‘systems’, and you’d best understand things like cache, pre-emptive search, memory ‘types’, etc., before they can be understood.

OUTPUT DEVICE:

1. Printer

2. Speaker

3. Monitor

About Monitor:

A computer monitor is an output device which displays information in pictorial form. A monitor usually comprises the display device, circuitry, casing, and power supply. ... Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were used for entertainment.

Often referred to as a monitor when packaged in a separate case, the display is the most-used output device on a computer. ... Most desktop displays use liquid crystal display (LCD) or cathode ray tube (CRT) technology, while nearly all portable computing devices such as laptops incorporate LCD technology.

A printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper. Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication, and cost. In general, more expensive printers are used for higher-resolution colour printing.

Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers sold for use with computers, although usually capable of other audio uses, e.g. for an MP3 player. Most such speakers have an internal amplifier and consequently require a power source, which may be by a mains power supply often via an AC adapter, batteries, or a USB port (able to supply no more than 2.5W DC, 500ma= at 5V).

A pair of speakers for notebook computers that are powered and audio-connected to the computer via USB

SOFTWARE DEVICE:

Software is thing that we can see or not touch but we can feel. Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices. Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer. An additional and difficult-to-classify category of software is the utility, which is a small useful program with limited capability

1. Operating system

2. M.S office

MEMORY: Virtual and Permanent (Information)

RAM (and refilled (don't worry; all computers do this automatically). RAM is just one part of the computer that determines your speed. Random Access Memory), commonly called just memory, holds computer code that needs to be operated on quickly. This allows information held in memory to quickly interact with the CPU. The amount of RAM available is limited and therefore needs to be constantly cleared

Memory is to store data.

Permanent memory is TWO type of Memory:

1) PRIMARY= Second name of Primary memory is Internal memory.

2) SECONDARY= Second name of Secondary memory is External.

Primary storage, also known as main storage or memory, is the area in a computer in which data is stored for quick access by the computer's processor. The terms random access memory (RAM) and memory are often as synonyms for primary or main storage

readanddigest.com

Secondary memory is where programs and data are kept on a long-term basis. Common secondary storage devices are the hard disk and optical disks. The hard disk has enormous storage capacity compared to main memory. The hard disk is usually contained inside the case of a computer.

Hard Disk

A partially dismantled hard drive, showing the disc inside.

Size of memory:

· bit

· byte

· kb

· mb

· gb

· tB

· PB

· EB

· ZB

· YB

Full form of memory size unit

KB: Kilobyte

MB: Megabyte

GB: Gigabyte

TB: Terabyte

PB: Petabyte

EB: Etteabyte

ZB: Zetabyte

YB: Yotabyte

Conversion factor of different memory size units

8 bits =1 byte

1024 byte=1kb

1024kb=1mb

1024 mb=1gb

1024gb=1tb

1024tb=1pb

1024pb=1eb

1024eb=1yb

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About computer - my first post at the age of 9